FBI — Recovering and Examining Computer Forensic Evidence by Noblett et al. Forensic Science Communications, October 2. Recovering and Examining Computer Forensic Evidence by Noblett et al.
Forensic Science Communications, October 2. October 2. 00. 0 - Volume 2 - Number 4. Recovering and Examining Computer Forensic Evidence. Michael G. Noblett.
Senior Associate. Booz- Allen & Hamilton. Falls Church, Virginia. Mark M. Pollitt. Unit Chief. Computer Analysis and Response Team. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Washington, DCLawrence A.
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Presley. Training Instructor. Forensic Science Training Unit. Quantico, Virginia. Introduction | Computer Forensic Science | Background | A New Relationship | Forensic Results | Common Goals | Examining Computer Evidence | Conclusion | References. Introduction. The world is becoming a smaller place in which to live and work.
A technological revolution in communications and information exchange has taken place within business, industry, and our homes. America is substantially more invested in information processing and management than manufacturing goods, and this has affected our professional and personal lives. We bank and transfer money electronically, and we are much more likely to receive an E- mail than a letter. It is estimated that the worldwide Internet population is 3. Commerce. Net Research Council 2. Just as the workforce has gradually converted from manufacturing goods to processing information, criminal activity has, to a large extent, also converted from a physical dimension, in which evidence and investigations are described in tangible terms, to a cyber dimension, in which evidence exists only electronically, and investigations are conducted online.
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Computer Forensic Science. Computer forensic science was created to address the specific and articulated needs of law enforcement to make the most of this new form of electronic evidence. Computer forensic science is the science of acquiring, preserving, retrieving, and presenting data that has been processed electronically and stored on computer media. As a forensic discipline, nothing since DNA technology has had such a large potential effect on specific types of investigations and prosecutions as computer forensic science. Computer forensic science is, at its core, different from most traditional forensic disciplines. The computer material that is examined and the techniques available to the examiner are products of a market- driven private sector.
Furthermore, in contrast to traditional forensic analyses, there commonly is a requirement to perform computer examinations at virtually any physical location, not only in a controlled laboratory setting. Rather than producing interpretative conclusions, as in many forensic disciplines, computer forensic science produces direct information and data that may have significance in a case.
This type of direct data collection has wide- ranging implications for both the relationship between the investigator and the forensic scientist and the work product of the forensic computer examination. Background. Computer forensic science is largely a response to a demand for service from the law enforcement community. As early as 1. 98. FBI Laboratory and other law enforcement agencies began developing programs to examine computer evidence. To properly address the growing demands of investigators and prosecutors in a structured and programmatic manner, the FBI established the Computer Analysis and Response Team (CART) and charged it with the responsibility for computer analysis.
Although CART is unique in the FBI, its functions and general organization are duplicated in many other law enforcement agencies in the United States and other countries. An early problem addressed by law enforcement was identifying resources within the organization that could be used to examine computer evidence. These resources were often scattered throughout the agency. Today, there appears to be a trend toward moving these examinations to a laboratory environment. In 1. 99. 5, a survey conducted by the U. S. Secret Service indicated that 4. As encouraging as these statistics are for a controlled programmatic response to computer forensic needs, the same survey reported that 7.
Noblett 1. 99. 5). Computer forensic examinations are conducted in forensic laboratories, data processing departments, and in some cases, the detective’s squad room. The assignment of personnel to conduct these examinations is based often on available expertise, as well as departmental policy.
Regardless of where the examinations are conducted, a valid and reliable forensic examination is required. This requirement recognizes no political, bureaucratic, technological, or jurisdictional boundaries. There are ongoing efforts to develop examination standards and to provide structure to computer forensic examinations. As early as 1. 99. U. S. federal law enforcement agencies in Charleston, South Carolina, to discuss computer forensic science and the need for a standardized approach to examinations. In 1. 99. 3, the FBI hosted an International Law Enforcement Conference on Computer Evidence that was attended by 7.
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U. S. federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies and international law enforcement agencies. All agreed that standards for computer forensic science were lacking and needed.
This conference again convened in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1. Australia in 1. 99. Netherlands in 1. International Organization on Computer Evidence. In addition, a Scientific Working Group on Digital Evidence (SWGDE) was formed to address these same issues among federal law enforcement agencies. Back to the top. A New Relationship. Forensic science disciplines have affected countless criminal investigations dramatically and have provided compelling testimony in scores of trials.
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To enhance objectivity and to minimize the perception of bias, forensic science traditionally has remained at arms length from much of the actual investigation. It uses only those specific details from the investigation that are necessary for the examination. These details might include possible sources of contamination at the crime scene or fingerprints of individuals not related to the investigation who have touched the evidence. Forensic science relies on the ability of the scientists to produce a report based on the objective results of a scientific examination. The actual overall case may play a small part in the examination process.
As a case in point, a DNA examination in a rape case can be conducted without knowledge of the victim’s name, the subject, or the specific circumstances of the crime. Conversely, computer forensic science, to be effective, must be driven by information uncovered during the investigation. With the average storage capacity in a personally owned microcomputer approaching 3. GB; Fischer 1. 99. GB storage capacity or more, it is likely to be impossible from a practical standpoint to completely and exhaustively examine every file stored on a seized computer system.
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In addition, because computers serve such wide and varied uses within an organization or household, there may be legal prohibitions against searching every file. Attorney or physician computers may contain not only evidence of fraud but probably also client and patient information that is privileged. Data centrally stored on a computer server may contain an incriminating E- mail prepared by the subject as well as E- mail of innocent third parties who would have a reasonable expectation of privacy. As difficult as it would be to scan a directory of every file on a computer system, it would be equally difficult for law enforcement personnel to read and assimilate the amount of information contained within the files. For example, 1. 2 GB of printed text data would create a stack of paper 2. For primarily pragmatic reasons, computer forensic science is used most effectively when only the most probative information and details of the investigation are provided to the forensic examiner. From this information, the examiner can create a list of key words to cull specific, probative, and case- related information from very large groups of files.
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Even though the examiner may have the legal right to search every file, time limitations and other judicial constraints may not permit it. The examination in most cases should be limited to only well- identified probative information. Forensic Results. Forensic science has historically produced results that have been judged to be both valid and reliable. For example, DNA analysis attempts to develop specific identifying information relative to an individual. To support their conclusions, forensic DNA scientists have gathered extensive statistical data on the DNA profiles from which they base their conclusions. Computer forensic science, by comparison, extracts or produces information.
The purpose of the computer examination is to find information related to the case. To support the results of a computer forensic examination, procedures are needed to ensure that only the information exists on the computer storage media, unaltered by the examination process. Unlike forensic DNA analysis or other forensic disciplines, computer forensic science makes no interpretive statement as to the accuracy, reliability, or discriminating power of the actual data or information.
Beyond the forensic product and the case- related information needed to efficiently perform the work, there is another significant difference between most traditional forensic science and computer forensic science. Traditional forensic analysis can be controlled in the laboratory setting and can progress logically, incrementally, and in concert with widely accepted forensic practices. In comparison, computer forensic science is almost entirely technology and market driven, generally outside the laboratory setting, and the examinations present unique variations in almost every situation.
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